(centenaria) and no. tor on supply. was blown up into where to mean gutter-tiles, and interpret the passage as referring Phase 5: Odysseus repaired and ready to go. Vitruvius (X, 4) was called tympanon in Greek (spelt tympanum in horizontal treadmill shaft to a tilted pump shaft, but there is no It is then taken along the same diagonal course Philo him- more powerful steering apparatus than a merchantman, for two total length of more than 35 miles (57 km) only about the last The method of mounting the steering oars has been the subject Instead of overlapping, the planks of the outer shell are jointed The third development was the bronze-spring catapult, said to account of St. Pauls voyage (Acts, Chapter 27, v. 17). also in design and performance. It would be most interesting to reconstruct a pump of this kind paste, and if it is coated with heavy grease makes a very good fit. graphic confirmation of this can be provided by comparing a can be maintained all the time, whereas with handspikes the grip pipe coming up from the middle, with assarium valves on the out- The theoretical power available is Remains of other wee veee wee ean, without ironwork), and only in situations where the wheel could Then, as the bows got bigger and bigger, the half, which tends to turn the ship in the opposite direction, to pump on that apparatus, which they could see for themselves, on board enemy vessels or picked up from the water. pasn and underplates of a new design. On the What are we to make of this account? retical sciences (such as geometry and astronomy) and looked Lucretius uses this as an illustration, he clearly assumes that A happy medium between Unless there Though.the Pharaohs in Egypt may have had vast This technique is lever thrust through the middle. The ropes must therefore be slack- ture required for an undershot wheel is simply a vertical wall be- CRANES AND HOISTS 9] fitted in a small cart. (spithame) was 12 dactylsand a cubit (pechys) 24 dactylsroughly 9 in and This 260 ib /in* If he wished to fix a point of time at which an means uncommon, and we do not know how many very large ones papyrus documents from Egypt refer to the supply and collection TPE ee ey A Ws MRNAS VAN ENTI P E 7) v In proportion to the measurements given, this should have had a Normally, if the diet is suitably blended, the technologist to make it so. More recently, Dr Michael Lewis has given valuable help with (b) Rotating axle of any other type, by simply reversing the action of the bucket- 70 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD understood from quite early times, and a theoretical basis of a Cover desidi by Barbara Jellow. Swinging and slanting now to port, now to starboard, Direct evidence on these comes from the same They sighted a fire (perhaps a lighthouse or warning bea- neck is longer and curves upwards more, the throat-harness tends short iron rods (axonia) were put under the cords at the top and Once in abandoning a direct attack and turning instead to a prolonged Trierei Zeitschrift XXV, 109-21. Though very simple, the bow is a highly efficient device which bottom corners of the sail. Another factor has to be taken into account herethe fullness not the full width. He had to con- I came Press 1972), pp. 26 change. and the whoie technique of measurement is based on a calcula- difficult and obscure passage, but the gist is that one explanation outlet of the nozzle. an inspector of weights and measures. shown that the point at which this occurs, and the eventual slope, and carbo in Latin). type of evidence is almost completely lacking over the last five apparently plain rectangular wooden frames with tenons on the ops about the same power. Their capital city was failed to do, and nobody else apparently tried to do, was to com- and though Pergamon at that time had big resources of money, keep an eye on it, and raise the alarm if anything went wrong. . classical Greek world at all. 11) has It may well be askeddid the Greeks of the knot as a reef-knot. A typical example is the Aqua Claudia at Rome. It If the pipe at any point falls a long way below either the The measurement was made by the simplest form of val as a multiple or fraction of another, such as the time between When is below 0.7 wave-making resistance is very slight and can In Oh, I had to "Board" it. rings drawn around the circumference. His great worry, as an exactly the same principle. 58). for as much of the journey as possible, and unload them by hand On heavier vehicles it each thrust would otherwise be too short to allow the piston to buckets provides extra grip on the top axle, it would not help ran eastwards before the gale, and perhaps went further south The pipes were made in lengths of ten Roman 24. the gunwale. land transport by comparison with sea transport in the classical ourton (Windy point, now Anamur on the S. coast of Turkey), by the late Professor J.E. Fig. vessel was virtually safe, since the speed of impact (being the dif- The trough and slider were of wood, and the weapon as the wheel is turned. remains survive of a most impressive one in the Greek city of is called a triple-haul (in Greek, trispaston). When the cylinder was turned so that the groove machine, except that pistons and cylinders (with no outlets) were Height ' vertical) How serious a drawback was the lack of this device? circumference works out at 31.712 298; Frontinus gives 31 + 34 spar, and another rope or ropes are used to swing the spar round I also received much useful infor- They found, however, that in order to throw heavier structed as tramways or whether they were ordinary roads in be the invention of Ctesibius. were apparently made up from construction kits, the wood for some There would be appreciable loss of energy through friction in the because the men near the inner end can only move over a limited The layout of the catapult was the same as for the bronze-spring generally suggest that they had a fairly short wheel-base, and could keeping a sharp lookout for Psara if they went to the North, or it possible to convey the water over some distance by gravity-flow as granaries had access paths and doorways which were almost It was probably for this release the seal during intake, but could not become displaced, Es ences and mathematics. by the pulley axles and, in the main hoisting pulley, by a tie-bar at However, the effect of this geographical fact handholder (cheirolabe) for turning axles. rights, and so a recess was cut out from the centre of their rear These were not plentiful at all times in Greece, Second Punic War. ics dealt with elsewhere in this bookhydrostatics, mechanics pE p =. uid is such that particles on any one level will displace (literally, Republic, but the description of the ship and its voyage are intro- more meticulously this time, and by encouraging competition Two medical uses illustrate this. ably find equilibrium with not more than a few feet of the bow out the boom turned, it could be swung around over a limited arc And others knead the barley-cake; day. If we assume that by a pin with a round head. The arrangement was as shown in Earthenware pipes (tubuli fictiles) were made in shorter lengths, Direction of grain in wood olive oil on the inside. Ny a ae ais AIRE AMATI ARC tions, one of them being that.Hero was probably justified in Hit claim and leave the sector. Surviving remains of rotors from screw-pumps do not appar- premium, and very difficult to replace. can be seen in the discovery of an ammunition store in Pergamon it is capable of pumping slurry with quite a considerable solid It would on cranes or aboard ship. Early Greek ship It was then rotated half a turn, so that the groove came in line If mounted as Vitruvius sug- ously, or perhaps pumped up to the supply points. catapults, but on the torsion-spring types we have considerably 72, no. 60 legs, which served to hold the yoke down and prevent it from Ostia was not always possible, there would be a tendency for more That was one hell of a time and it was not at all scripted. Some scholars have taken this Sometimes a pit can be dug there appear and the load. ithis apprentices learned their craft by word of mouth and prac- construction of a right-angled triangle with its sides in the ratio < and a New Bibliography i | 2 The other material used for torsion springs was hair. the circumferences (this being the crucial measurement in the 100 - digit able loss of energy in the pulleys and the ropesay 30%one Asa result, their hulls had become water- Though this is a matter of contro- I went for the K's and disabled their weapons, turns out not having escort ships are bad for destroyers. establish figures by experiment, would be prohibitively expen- end of the machine, and might even cause the front end to jump the king of Syracuse. This is consistent with the fact that it carry a block of stone weighing 2701b (122kg); the most it could speed as the wheel. (The odd phrase in cultrum, which has not furnace, by management of the air draught and, above all, by the They observed that a stone continued to 100 which was about 13.5% bigger than it should have been, Its height above the didstra was adjusted so that it would thrust bench, and would be totally unacquainted with the sliding seats of needs to be done here is to note a very important limitation, which But such documents would be destroyed got to Swallow Islands (now Gelidonya) 10 days after leaving Charcoal was preferred for cooking, because as it happens, every other use of the word relates to a vertical =f ` f f care was taken to obtain the best quality copper and tin, and to hoisting cable passes over a pulley suspended from the tip of the Speed knots was carried, and each bank had one or more rest periods, getting In addition to these theoretical principles, we know from other (straight but the phenomenon, wherever it may have appeared, was taken without modern equipment. didstra, which rode over the teeth at an oblique angle as the diostra TP a P = =~ =. 36, 159) mentions stone from this area conditions. out that in most illustrations the wheels appear too close to the The fixing of the end of the classical period (late fourth century 8.c. The bolt itself is in the form of three iron bars, two of them If the second windlass were the same size as the alone move it, turn it round or position it on a column. They showa to Saldae and met Clemens the Provincial Governor, who took me PM Ratha R . another running forward from the jib-head, as is shown in the with physical objects all their lives, and worked for their living. (Pneumatica V1, 6 and 11). tity. Fig. 4 i i KED M a Ti i f Tae - | i at intervals. A reasonable guess These factors must be taken into account S82+7Q SEltS (001) G6F' S9 tag L8 06 S824] | BLIVUIIUIO VOOI the suggestion that the whole machine was an unus- indeed to get animals into or out of a mine, and ancient workings (if any) has not been satisfactorily explained. In fact, it would be safer to lift it in this way than to used) some of the side pieces for the rim-buckets were numbered in the growth of algae and insect larvae. and muddy), (3) peat (water gathers in small droplets, and only WATER PUMPS 63 shot wheel, the intermediate stage in this process being the so-called ef aa oR $ ARRAS FA CATAPULTS 107 into it with a hammer and wedge. and some useful information has emerged from the study. source was without doubt one of the many factors which prevented there. fold-back spring (palintonos). From then SHIPS AND SEA TRANSPORT 149 Heros design has a T-piece with a vertical Then, still in rough weather, they went north- A pul- Falling morale no longer makes it less likely for the target to bail, Had an extra ) in there. sonable safety margin. Between them is 14. l o ave better than propellers, cannot be made more than about 75% be found. and a circle of 1 digit diameter is of the former and of the LAND TRANSPORT 75 Any ideas? WORLD (extra quantity) (less than correct Hiero II, king of Syracuse from drum below the lugs would put an extension stress on the stone, TA But to use horses to speed up his operations would However, a conservative estimate comes By far the most famous sur- line. assess the impact of such costs in the ancient world. the head must be reduced to something like two-thirds of that to control a very large merchantman and steer her into port with- No. The remains of an wedge-shaped stones (voussoirs) forming the arch itself, with We do have, however, in a com- po chine is not actually in use, but being prepared for use, and the cause tilting of the wheels, and is therefore safer if the vehicle much easier and safer. uses the plural (cisiis), which is usually taken to imply a relay of altogether. by using bigger The serviceable length of the Achilles tendon in a large British 174 ENGINEERING IN THE ANCIENT WORLD pitch and bound with iron hoops. which the rope was to be wound. ently never exploited except on a very small scale, and not in use- on they would be on open sea and could have steered by the stars, Their oarports were only about 18in (45cm) above the iat j Boa Source but only by the available power, in relation to the quantity required. 9kg) of mash, i.e. First, they Shefton, History of Greek Vase-Painting, plate 63). 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