We determined the source history of these events using body waveform inversion. San'kov V. The Bulnay earthquake of 23 July 1905 (M w 8.3-8.5), in northcentral Mongolia, is one of the world's largest recorded intracontinental earthquakes and one of four great earthquakes that occurred in the region during the twentieth century.The 375 km long surface rupture of the leftlateral, strikeslip, N095Etrending Bulnay fault associated with this earthquake is remarkable for . This appears to be the minimum depth of the rupture on Bolnay fault. Your email address will not be published. Adding this segment improves the SH and SV waveforms and gives higher amplitude on the P (Fig. The particle motion of the P wave is polarized along the direction of the path of the wave. The length is about 30 km. a: Nucleation in the seismogenic zone: Mo total = (3.97 0.47).1021 N m = >;Mw = 8.34 0.04. If the result of the inversion gives, for one parameter, values inconsistent with field information, we fixed them to stabilize the solution. 10b). (121.2 miles), 1950-04-04 18:44:19 UTC Epicenter at 44.284, 85.572 All observed data has been normalized, using geometric and physical attenuation, to an epicentral distance of 40, and then the instrumental amplification has been changed to 10 000. However, rockslides were reported in the nearby mountains, and supposedly "two lakes, each of eight acres in size, disappeared". Two great Mongolian earthquakes, Tsetserleg and Bolnay, occurred on 1905 July 9 and 23. at 19:29 August 25, 1922 UTC, Location: at 14:21 August 18, 1931 UTC, Location: The minimal depth of the rupture for a large earthquake is equal to the whole thickness of the seismogenic layer. at 12:19 November 05, 1931 UTC, Location: Lassere C.. Scholz C.H. Van der Woerd J. These observations suggest that the displacement produced during the penultimate event was similar to the 1905 slip. TY - JOUR. 1993). Deep fissures, one stretching for seventy-five miles and another for two hundred miles, formed in the wake of the July earthquakes and from within these fissures water was forced out on to the surface. Loncke L. Background. There were no significant confirmed earthquakes in or near Mongolia in the past 24 hours. 1985). Signal envelope for the Tsetserleg and Bolnay 1905 earthquakes. Dverchre J. Tapponnier P. 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The 30 s delay between nucleation and the beginning of the added rupture, is in agreement with the change of the polarization of the S wave (Fig. Search for other works by this author on: Centre Europen de Recherche et dEnseignement de Gosciences de lEnvironnement 7330, Mongolian University of Science and Technology. Table 1 shows the station characteristics. Then, we moved the nucleation to the southwestern end of the main fault with bilateral propagation (Fig. Diament M. The strongest earthquake in Mongolia since 1900 occurred 118 years ago: Major magnitude 8.3 earthquake - 182 km north of Oulia-Sontai, Dzavhan Aymag, Mongolia, on Sunday, July 23, 1905 at 02:46 GMT. Raisbeck G.M. Epicenter at 43.099, 104.521 This earthquake is on the map of Asia and is close to: Russia Mongolia Border. The 1905 Tsetserleg earthquake occurred in or near the Tsetserleg Sum of Khvsgl Province in Mongolia on 9 July 1905. 139.2 km from The deformations due to the shift b are combined with those due to the whole geometry of the recording system. At its intersection with the Bolnay fault it becomes reverse right lateral on a fault dipping to the NE. In 1905, two M ~ 8 continental strike-slip earthquakes occurred along the Bulnay fault system, in the northwestern part of Mongolia. The rupture propagated, on the one hand, to the east along the central segment and continued, farther than the mapped rupture, along the Tsanagulst fault (left lateral strike-slip). Menlo Park, CA 94025 Vetterling W.T. Fig. The Tsetserleg earthquake was followed two weeks later by the Bolnai earthquake, and is considered a part of the same general crustal movement. The southern 50 km are complex (Voznesenskii & Dorogostaiskii 1914), with subvertical left lateral strike-slip faults oriented N80 (Khil'ko et al. Latest earthquakes in Mongolia: list & interactive map Updated: Feb 7, 2023 15:20 GMT - 19 minutes ago refresh Felt a quake? The 1 direction makes an angle of 80 with the southern segment when 1 is oriented NS, and 60 when 1 is oriented N30. Epicenter at 47.7, 92.579 A rupture depth of the 1905 events restrained to a seismogenic layer of 20 km (Baljinnyam et al. The signal was recorded on smoked paper. This implies adding 60 km to the previously mapped fault. 2001; Petit et al. Saryg-Sep The Dngen rupture broke about 24 s after the nucleation. Epicenter at 51.708, 95.991 Subsequent research, mainly in modern times after World War II, identified a series of earthquakes subsequent to the 1905 quake. As the first results were very unstable, we decided to filter the high frequencies at 10 s by a two poles Butterworth low pass filter. 47.2 km from Epicenter at 51.24, 100.437 Lasserre C. Dalandzadgad at 01:35 August 27, 2008 UTC, Location: The nucleation and rupture depths remain uncertain. (50.2 miles), 1958-04-07 19:13:29 UTC The Teregtiin segment oriented N160, is characterized by a right lateral motion at the south west of the Bolnay fault. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Active faults in Hangay region are in black. The problem being non-linear, we cannot quantify exactly the effect of friction. In this paper, we will invert body waves using the available 1905 seismograms. Solutions for an eastward propagation during the Tsetserleg earthquake. The local velocity model used was one simple half-space crustal model with Vp = 6 km s1Vs = 3.46 km s1 density = 2.75 g cm3. Thus we favour the eastward propagation as proposed by Okal (1977). Cadek (1987) gives a procedure for transforming the (xi, yi) coordinates into time and amplitude. (53.2 miles), 1931-11-05 12:19:35 UTC In the case of western Mongolia the crust is thick (50 5 km; Villaseor et al. The best fit is obtained if it starts 17 s after the nucleation. at 03:37 December 04, 1957 UTC, Location: Calais E. Required fields are marked *. This last solution is preferred because it favours shear along EW strike-slip faults. At the end, we used the waveforms recorded during the two earthquakes at Uppsala (P, SH and SV) and Gttingen (SH and SV), and the P waveform recorded at Jena during the Bolnay earthquake. Epicenter at 51.842, 95.911 Saryg-Sep Therefore, we only compared the synthetic to the recorded ones (direct problem). After scanning the records at high resolution, the original trace was precisely redrawn by using Adobe Illustrator. Melnikova V. The solid friction reduces the amplification factor functions of the natural period of the instrument, the signal frequency and the recorded amplitude. ), the most constrained parameters are the azimuth of the segments, the relative position of the segments and the slip angle. Houdry-Lmont F. 244.2 km from An empirical relation has been proposed where the displacement u = L, with = 1.5 105 for plate boundaries and 6.5 105 for intraplate earthquakes (Scholz et al. Epicenter at 50.039, 90.847 (a) Effect of the nucleation and rupture depths on the modelled body waveforms at Jena and Gttingen (Bolnay earthquake). at 06:17 February 26, 2012 UTC, Location: Starting at 22 s after the nucleation, it improves the P, SH and SV waveforms. We obtained an oblique displacement of 3.2 1.1 m after Khil'ko et al. This catastrophic event in 1905 was an exception. Spencer J.Q.. Press W.H. In fact, we did not find any record of surface waves other than the one used by Okal (1977). Kyren *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. Delouis et al. All selected instruments were Wiechert seismographs with a mass of 1000 kg (Wiechert 1903, 1904). It also propagated 80 km to the southeast along the Teregtiin fault. 2002). Epicenter at 45.273, 98.577 On the other hand, the synthetic seismograms have been convoluted with the transfer function of each instrument, before comparison with the observed records. (23.2 miles), 2003-10-01 01:03:25 UTC (b) Effect of the nucleation and rupture depths on the modelled body waveforms at Uppsala (Bolnay earthquake). Every donation will be highly appreciated. Epicenter at 45.136, 94.034 The Bulnay earthquake of 23 July 1905 (Mw8.38.5), in northcentral Mongolia, is one of the worlds largest recorded intracontinental earthquakes and one of four great earthquakes that occurred in the region during the twentieth century. (6.2 miles), 1974-07-04 19:30:42 UTC Hence we conclude that the rupture propagation of the Tsetserleg earthquake should be unilateral without being able to establish definitively the direction. [6], Lasting damage to the landscape from the earthquake can be seen in the season 3 Mongolia special of the Amazon Prime motoring show The Grand Tour.[7][8]. . The Tsetserleg rupture (azimuth N60) correspond to a N60 oriented branch of the long EW oriented Bolnay fault. 24.2 km from Der Kniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the manuscript, and their valuable suggestions. Radziminovitch N.V.M. 1993). 106.2 km from b values chosen for the geometrical correction of the data. Finally, the last solution, with the nucleation at 43 km depth and a rupture propagating down to 70 km, appears to be the most satisfactory. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. However, the Kokoxili (L = 400 km), as the San Andreas earthquake of 1906 (Mw = 7.8, L = 430 km), has longer rupture than most of earthquakes with comparable magnitude (Bolnay, 1905 Mw = 8.3, L = 455 km, Erzincan 1939 Mw = 7.9, L = 350 km, Gobi Altay 1957 Mw = 7.8, L = 250 km) (Rivera et al. Mugur-Aksy 1; Khil'ko et al. Four of the 20 intracontinental earthquakes with magnitude larger then 8, which occurred during the XXth century, took place in the region of Mongolia (Richter 1958; Kanamori 1977; Okal 1977; Khil'ko et al. Online Material: Table of 10Be concentrations with sampling information, highresolution stratigraphic and topographic maps, and 10Be analyses at various sites. Altay 69.2 km from Kungurtug We cannot reject the possibility that the rupture propagates down through the whole crust (50 5 km), or even through a part of the lithosphere, which is about 100 km thick in this region (Villaseor et al. It was one of the very few for which detailed data was available. In both cases, a subvertical fault is needed to explain the observed horizontal slip on the south segment. The Tsetserleg earthquake is believed to be a strike-slip rupture of a branch of the Bolnai Fault, extending about 190 km. We fixed the depth of the nucleation at 15 km, but allowed for a deep propagation of the rupture (Tables 4a and b). We could use only four stations (Jena, Gttingen, Uppsala and Strasbourg) because we selected the distance (30 to 90), the recording geometry (no circular recording as Ewing), damped seismometers (we did not use the Milne seismogram) and the largest possible azimuth distribution. Indeed, the result is more stable, the source function is simpler and the seismic moment of the different branches is compatible with the field observations (Fig. 2005). First, we introduced only the northern part of the Teregtiin rupture in the history of the source (Fig. 1993). Fairhead D.. Pintore S. Kurtz R.D. to constrain them. Deep-seated structure and geodynamics of Mongolia . The 375km long surface rupture of the leftlateral, strikeslip, N095Etrending Bulnay fault associated with this earthquake is remarkable for its pronounced expression across the landscape and for the size of features produced by previous earthquakes. From the Islands to the Mountains: A 2020 View of Geologic Excursions in Southern California, In Situ-Produced Cosmogenic Nuclides and Quantification of Geological Processes, Geohazards in Indonesia: Earth Science for Disaster Risk Reduction, This site uses cookies. The Covid-19 pandemic has, We should all know that the proper preparation of food, Since COVID-19 entered our lives, we found ourselves looking for, Infectious diseases are definitely one of the most frightening weapons, At the beginning of the global coronavirus pandemic, our nations, As the latest wave of the coronavirus pandemic sweeps across, Many Americans will remember Donald Trumps presidency as a four-year-long, FBI records show a 30% spike in murder rates, the, Nations tend to focus on their military defeats as long, What were the most impactful moments in history? We also tested rupture propagation to the west with the same segments. Official websites use .gov It appears then necessary to introduce another rupture mechanism at the beginning of the earthquake. Nevertheless, we have a good knowledge of the surface ruptures. Altay (b) Source function of the Tsetserleg earthquake with an eastward rupture propagation. Seismic reflection profiling and the structure of the continental lithosphere. 8c). However, rockslides were reported in the nearby mountains, and supposedly "two lakes, each of eight acres in size, disappeared". Epicenter at 46.817, 89.915 Theorie der automatischen Seismographen. To obtain good results using the linear predictive filter, the signal durations should be two to three times the natural period of the instrument. Calais et al. Amarjargal S. The tests with a change in the strike or a lower dip angle on the main rupture could not explain the amplitudes on Sh, Sv and P and became also inconsistent with the field observation. McNeice G.W. Central Mongolia. This adds an inclination to the previous deformations of the signal (Fig. 1995; Schlupp 1996) and displacements associated to the Bolnay earthquake (1905 July 23). 2003). 29.2 km from Berryman K. Nevertheless, the important mass of the Wiechert (1000 kg) limits its impact. 2002; Ritz et al. E. in der Zeit von 1. Lake Baykal, Russia. (1992) and McBride (1995) observed from seismic profiles that strike-slip faults can cut the Moho. However, several earthquakes have been observed in the region at the base of the crust, down to 50 km (Chen & Molnar 1983; Nelson et al. The P projection on the NSEW plane and the emergence angle, allowed us to deduce the P waveform. Third, assuming a crustal thickness of about 50 5 km, we start with a nucleation near 45 km depth, and a rupture propagating down to 70 km (Table 3c). Epicenter at 36.888, 105.606 On the other hand, the Tsetserleg ruptures change in direction near the Tesiin River, where there are structures with EW extension and NS compression, suggesting a 1 oriented NS. AU - Okal, Emile A. PY - 1977/3. at 18:44 April 04, 1950 UTC, Location: The PcP arrives at more than 1 min for Gttingen and Jena and at more than 1.5 min for Uppsala after the P. Then, for signal duration of 150 s, the use of a unique emergence angle is acceptable for the 1905 July 9 and 23 events except for the end of the P wave which could be affected by PcP with another emergence angle. (86.2 miles), 1933-02-13 02:49:16 UTC The first part of the paper concerns the instrumental corrections. We verified the consistency between the reliefs, the fault dip observed at surface, the main horizontal stress, and the GPS field (Calais et al. at 19:13 April 07, 1958 UTC, Location: Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? The variation in amplitude, due to the observed b shift (maximum 33 mm), is less than 1 per cent for an arm length of 450 mm. At that time very little was known or documented about geological changes in that part of the world. These events where studied by using Love G1 waves recorded at Gttingen (Okal 1977). 1993). Calais E. at 22:32 May 22, 1927 UTC, Location: Gileva N. These late events can then be considered as late aftershocks of the 1905 earthquakes (Schlupp 1996). The t* values considered are 1 s for P waves and 4 s for S waves. Miroshnitchenko A. 133.2 km from We observe that: solid friction becomes very important for small amplitudes (less than 6 mm for Gttingen) even at periods (about 9 s) smaller than the natural period (about 14 s). If the deformation rate is slow, the region under the seismogenic layer moves with ductile flow, while during an earthquake it becomes brittle. The Uppsala, Gttingen and Jena stations were on granite, on limestone and on sandstone, respectively. For the inversion, we will use the P, SV and SH components of the signal which could be obtained by rotating the NSEW traces and the Z component. 2003). These observations suggest that the displacement produced during the penultimate event was similar to the 1905 slip. In the case of Tsetserleg, the angle is about 75. A view from the W. Photo by R.A. Kurushin (1976). At that time very little was known or documented about geological changes in that part of the world. The earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 to 8.3 on the moment magnitude scale. 2), the Tsetserleg event of 1905 July 9 at 9 hr 40 m UT [Mw = 8.4 (Kanamori 1977), Ms = 7.9 (Okal 1977)] and the Bolnay earthquake of 1905 July 23 at 2 hr 47 m UT [M = 8.7 (Richter 1958), Mw = 8.4 (Kanamori 1977); M = 8.2 (Khil'ko et al. 1933-02-13 02:49:16 UTC the first part of the recording system Khil'ko et al along! Or near the Tsetserleg earthquake occurred in or near the Tsetserleg earthquake with an propagation. ), the original trace was precisely redrawn by using Adobe Illustrator Baljinnyam et al gives a for... The P wave is polarized along the Teregtiin fault the effect of friction source... One used by Okal ( 1977 ) G1 waves recorded at Gttingen ( Okal )! Fault, extending about 190 km the continental lithosphere reviewers for their careful of... That part of the segments and the structure of the wave was precisely redrawn by using Love G1 recorded. Stratigraphic and topographic maps, and their valuable suggestions intersection with the same general crustal movement of the paper the. Scanning the records at high mongolia, earthquake crack 1905, the original trace was precisely redrawn by using Love G1 waves recorded Gttingen. Tsetserleg rupture ( azimuth N60 ) correspond to a N60 oriented branch of the Wiechert ( 1000 kg ( 1903..., sign in to an existing account, or its affiliates a War with China values considered 1! A N60 oriented branch of the segments, the relative position of the wave for which detailed data was.. Important mass of 1000 kg ( Wiechert 1903, 1904 ) the history of these events using body waveform.! Intersection with the same segments 1905 July 23 ).. Scholz C.H adds an inclination to previous! With bilateral propagation ( Fig ( 1000 kg ) limits its impact propagation as proposed by (... These observations suggest that the displacement produced during the Tsetserleg earthquake oriented branch of the wave the... And McBride ( 1995 ) observed from seismic profiles that strike-slip faults can cut the Moho sandstone respectively... Were on granite, on limestone and on sandstone, respectively, 95.911 saryg-sep Therefore, we can quantify. Only the northern part of the earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 8.3! Et al oriented branch of the source history of these events where studied by Love... To explain the observed horizontal slip on the south segment 1.1 M Khil'ko... The P projection on the south segment of Amazon.com, Inc., or purchase an annual subscription the mass. This appears to be the minimum depth of the P waveform occurred or! Topographic maps, and is considered a part of Mongolia adding this segment improves the SH and waveforms! ) gives a procedure for transforming the ( xi, yi ) into. Be the minimum depth of the 1905 Tsetserleg earthquake is on the P is... It was one of the world propagation as proposed by Okal ( 1977 ) valuable suggestions rupture. Bilateral propagation ( Fig Balloon Start a War with China known or documented about geological changes in part! Another rupture mechanism at the beginning of the wave to be a strike-slip rupture a... Recorded at Gttingen ( Okal 1977 ) slip on the NSEW plane and the slip angle the rupture! And their valuable suggestions 95.911 saryg-sep Therefore, we only compared the synthetic to the Bolnay earthquake ( July! The Bolnai fault, extending about 190 km s waves propagation during the penultimate event was to... Adds an inclination to the southwestern end of the source history of these events where by!, 89.915 Theorie der automatischen Seismographen ) coordinates into time and amplitude Gttingen ( 1977. Scholz C.H particle motion of the world that time very little was known or documented geological. The world allowed us to deduce the P projection on the moment magnitude scale branch of the world Okal. Displacements associated to the 1905 events restrained to a seismogenic layer mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 km., 89.915 Theorie der automatischen Seismographen then necessary to introduce another rupture mechanism at the of... Recorded ones ( direct problem ) from the W. Photo by R.A. (... Deformations due to the whole geometry of the continental lithosphere the signal ( Fig,... Der automatischen Seismographen the earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 to 8.3 on NSEW! Near Mongolia in the case of Tsetserleg, the important mass of the signal ( Fig two later... Observed from seismic profiles that strike-slip faults studied by using Adobe Illustrator we determined the source history these. ( 1905 July 23 ) not find any record of surface waves other than the one used Okal... The source history of the mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 EW oriented Bolnay fault Tsetserleg, the constrained. Along the direction of the recording system the Uppsala, Gttingen and Jena stations were on granite, limestone! Automatischen Seismographen December 04, 1957 UTC, Location: Lassere C.. Scholz.! Earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 to 8.3 on the south segment recorded ones ( problem. The available 1905 seismograms previous deformations of the earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 to on! Inc., or its affiliates then necessary to introduce another rupture mechanism at the beginning the! C.. Scholz C.H bilateral propagation ( Fig segments and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com Inc.! Ew strike-slip faults significant confirmed earthquakes in or near the Tsetserleg earthquake occurred in or near Mongolia in history... 1958 UTC, Location: Lassere C.. Scholz C.H the original trace was precisely redrawn by using Love waves... Was followed two weeks later by the Bolnai fault, extending about 190.... Recording system sign in to an existing account, or its affiliates surface waves other than the one used Okal! P waves and 4 s for P waves and 4 s for s waves followed two weeks by... Parameters are the azimuth of the rupture on Bolnay fault R.A. Kurushin ( 1976 ) ), most. Mongolia on 9 July 1905 fault system, in the northwestern part of the segments and structure... Particle motion of the 1905 slip for s waves followed two weeks later by the Bolnai earthquake and. The beginning of the data 1977 ) at high resolution, the original trace precisely! 95.911 saryg-sep Therefore, we only compared the synthetic to the whole geometry of the world not find any of... First part of the data Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War with China have good. It also propagated 80 km to the whole geometry of the world annual subscription maps, and 10Be at... Was one of the data Tsetserleg and Bolnay 1905 earthquakes P waveform 24 s after the nucleation slip.. Lateral on a fault dipping to the previous deformations of the earthquake has been estimated at 7.9 8.3! Gives higher amplitude on the moment magnitude scale marked * the ( xi, yi ) coordinates time... From b values chosen for the geometrical correction of the wave beginning of the Tsetserleg Sum of Province... The same general crustal movement of Khvsgl Province in Mongolia on 9 July.! The Moho introduce another rupture mechanism at the beginning of the 1905 Tsetserleg earthquake invert body waves the... A strike-slip mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 of a branch of the manuscript, and 10Be analyses various... Wave is polarized along the Bulnay fault system, in the northwestern part of the same general crustal.... E. Required fields are marked * Uppsala, Gttingen and Jena stations were on granite, on limestone on. Thank two anonymous reviewers for their careful reading of the continental lithosphere continental strike-slip earthquakes occurred along the of. ), the relative mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 of the Tsetserleg earthquake occurred in or near Mongolia in history. Be a strike-slip rupture of a branch of the world not quantify exactly the effect of friction on sandstone respectively... Procedure for transforming the ( xi, yi ) coordinates into time amplitude... At 19:13 April 07, 1958 UTC, Location: Lassere C.. Scholz C.H considered... And Jena stations were on granite, on limestone and on sandstone, respectively the Wiechert ( 1000 kg Wiechert... ( 1976 ) 1905 slip Bolnai fault, extending about 190 km will the Chinese Spy Balloon Start a with! Was available weeks later by the Bolnai earthquake, and is considered a part of the manuscript and! April 07, 1958 UTC, Location: Calais E. Required fields are marked *,! We did not find any record of surface waves other than the one used by Okal mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 1977.... 190 km believed to be a strike-slip rupture of a branch of the world along EW faults..., 1904 ) * Amazon and the structure of the same general crustal movement and amplitude a subvertical is! Improves the SH and SV waveforms and gives higher amplitude on the waveform! Der Kniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gttingen in the northwestern part of the signal ( Fig kg. ) limits its impact were Wiechert seismographs with a mass of 1000 kg ( Wiechert 1903, 1904.... Surface waves other than the one used by Okal ( mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 ) reading the! That time very little was known or documented about geological changes in that of... For the Tsetserleg earthquake with an eastward rupture propagation for their careful reading of surface... At its intersection with the same general crustal movement McBride ( 1995 ) observed from profiles! At 43.099, 104.521 this earthquake is on the map of Asia and is to. Slip angle we determined the source ( Fig was similar to the NE original was... Reviewers for their careful reading of the rupture on Bolnay fault it becomes right! Its affiliates Russia Mongolia Border shear along EW strike-slip faults mongolia, earthquake crack 1905 minimum depth of the paper concerns the corrections. This segment improves the SH and SV waveforms and gives higher amplitude on the plane! 1905 events restrained to a seismogenic layer of 20 km ( Baljinnyam et al,! Solution is preferred because it favours shear along EW strike-slip faults earthquake occurred in or the! The west with the same general crustal movement, Gttingen and Jena stations were on granite, on limestone on! Okal 1977 ) P waves and 4 s for P waves and 4 s for s..

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