Copyright 1979 - 2022 Greg Tarrant - blocklayer.com, Square to Round Transition - Full Scale Printable Templates. How to Square up a Lay Out. Determine the area of elevation . Diagrams. Our door, for example, only has two diagonals; you do not count going from the top hinge to bottom opposite and back again. Manage Settings One way is to put diagonal braces that connect the deck beams to the vertical posts. Tutorials, Calculators, and Building Codes. With the wall down on the ground, it's easy to square it up. The framing square Brace Triangle Table , also referred to as the Brace Rule - is found on the back of the short arm or "tongue" of the framing square. Select output Fraction Precision, Decimal Inch or Metric mm. Calculate the racking force . The length, d, is the quotient of the brace board width, w, and tan ? Step 5 Repeat for angle "B" using cos B = a/c. table shows that a right triangle with the two shorter sides being 30 inches long has a Allowable shear force and moment calculated by subtracting any lay out a snap duty with tubular! Diagonal bracing isa very complex topic, but I'll do my best to give you the basics so you don't have a failure on any of your projects. WebIf you are so inclined, take a few 2x4s and build a simple wall thats 4 feet tall. Both the struts and the wires are cylindrical in shape. If all you are looking for is the angle to cut the two ends of your brace, take the angle of the truss or whatever it is you are wanting to brace, subtract that from 180 and divide the result by . In the figure at the top of the page, click on 'reset' and 'hide details'. See that angled board nailed to the vertical wall studs? On calculators with Slider Controls, drag slider tab to get close, then use keyboard cursor keys to fine tune. If the height of the post is 48 inches and there is 64 inches between posts, in inches, what should the length of the diagonal brace be in . The 14 calculations or sets of numbers along this table are used for knee bracing or for post bracing in timber framing, and is also referred to as the Diagonal Scale on the Framing Square because the scale is telling us the length of the diagonal of a right triangle whose short arms are of equal length. Select threaded rod that has a tension strength that meets or exceeds the required tension (page 3-14, table 10) Brace on alternate hangers Tmax = 1.5W (page 2-2, figure 1) Where diagonal bracing is provided for lateral resistance, provisions shall be made for pretensioning or other methods of installing. First, we use the law of cosines to find out d1, then we find the second angle of a parallelogram, which is , then we again use the law of cosines to find out d2. 45 degrees. Browse by category. However when I modelled the same frame in Staad pro to verify, it only gave me an axial compression force of 0.6 kN for the bracing . Calculate the volume; Twenty-five percent (25%) of Manuels classmates went to the library last weekend. Roughly one hour per brace, or at corners ; Tables 8.1 to 8.5.! Imagine if you were to build a wall using 2x4s 16-inches-on-center and you make it 8-feet-tall. As stated by mtlogcabin. It's time consuming to install. These were just toenailed into the horizontal beam and vertical wood post. Depending on the configuration of the structure, wall bracing might also be required for some interior walls. It extends from the top right corner of the wall to the lower left corner bottom plate. For the example, this would be B = 12/14.42 which equals 0.83. Fig. Calculation Example - Internal forces. Using height, angles at the base and sides 4. Table 8.1 to 8.5 include the pressure in kPa (kN/m) for various roof pitches. Brace sizes and Stiffness Modification Factors in addition to those shown are available upon request. Its best to perform the calculation on a calculator, so that you can get a more precise result. Length of diagonal of a rectangle= 5 units. These blocks start at the bottom plate and march up the wall in a straight line until they reach the underside of the top plate. H-Brace this diagram illustrates the allowable limits for angle bracing area, perimeter and diagonal brace per wall two. Or imagine the violent side-to-side shaking that happens when the shear waves of an earthquake hit a house. Why not just nail, screw or bolt the two brace arms together and then cut the diagonal to "fit" between their ends? The diagonal of the rectangle is the Diagonal brace. Features of the program. In a braced multi-storey building, the planes of vertical bracing are usually provided by diagonal bracing between two lines of columns, as shown in the figure below. For a cube, we find the diagonal by using a three-dimensional version of the Pythagorean Theorem/distance formula: Diagonal of a Cube = s2 + s2 + s2 D i a g o n a l o f a C u b e = s 2 + s 2 + s 2 Lesson Summary You have learned a lot about particularly important parts of polygons, their diagonals. ISBN-10: 0471648361, ISBN-13: 978-0471648369, Hardcover: 320 pages, available from Amazon.com and also, Decks and Porches, the JLC Guide to, Best Practices for Outdoor Spaces, Steve Bliss (Editor), The Journal of Light Construction, Williston VT, 2010 ISBN 10: 1-928580-42-4, ISBN 13: 978-1-928580-42-3, available from Amazon.com. Clause 8.3.3 and Figure 8.2(A) or (B) 4. Diagonal bracing prevents this side-to-side movement. A quadrilateral, the next-simplest, has two diagonals. For example, if the square has a side length of 5 centimeters, set up the formula like this: d = 5 2 {\displaystyle d=5 {\sqrt {2}}} 6. Provide full-depth web stiffeners on both sides of the link web at the diagonal brace ends of the link. Donotattempt to apply these concepts and our diagonal formula to complex polygons (polygons with self-intersecting lines). WebThe procedure to use the Rectangle Diagonal calculator is as follows: Step 1: Enter the values for a and b, i.e. http://go.askthebuilder.com/NewsletterSignupNow founder, Tim Carter describes several ways to use diagonal bracing while constructing a wood-framed house.Get. Diagonal Braces. I thought the method to calculate the load would simply be as shown in the attached image, which gives an axial tension load of about 120 kN. Scale All Inch inputs and dimensions are actual physical finished sizes (unless otherwise noted) ? Those fellows made their own tools - usually as an apprentice project that followed the construction of one's first wooden toolbox. 2017 Tim Carter. This tool is intended to simplify the design of residential structures that comply with 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018 or 2021 International Residential Code (IRC) wall bracing requirements. Calculation Example - Allowable shear force for the girder. Not very practical for table building, though. Get distributed into the foundation system and get distributed into the ground diagonal members to the underside of rafters approx Is provided for lateral resistance, provisions shall be made for pretensioning or other methods of installing to 200. I'm wondering about diagonal bracing. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. A diagonal of a rectangle cuts the rectangle into 2 right triangles with sides equal to the sides of the rectangle and with a hypotenuse that is the diagonal. The table can be used to determine, by inspection, the length Bracing for wall formwork It's needed for stability and alignment BY M. K. HURD Figure 1. The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the With the APA Wall Bracing Calculator: Create a project and identify its Clause 8.3.4 and Tables 8.1 to 8.5. Quote (RStars) For the avoidance of doubt. The axial compression forces are acting on each member as shown above and the supports are all pinned. Use this feet and inch diagonal calculator to easily find the diagonal between two sides of any rectangle. WebCalculation of the diagonals for markup Foundation. Sterling Publishing. It is essential to recognize which diagonal is which. Engineered Wood Technology Association (EWTA), USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory. 1 is the arctan of L 2 /L 1.The angle ? Determine if the diagonal braces are strong enough and stiff enough to brace this walkway. You will not receive a notification when a response to your question has been posted. In a braced multi-storey building, the planes of vertical bracing are usually provided by diagonal bracing between two lines of columns, as shown in the figure below. Minimum BUs per line in example Lower level of the 2-storey (see Figure 3b): 2. Determine the capacity of diagonal brace in compression Check cross brace capacity in compression: Reference design value in compression Fc = 1350 psi (NDS supplement table 4A) Mn is called the available flexure strength. math What is the length of the diagonal brace? Continue readingat FRAMING SQUARE USER'S GUIDE - topic home, or select a topic from the closely-related articles below, or see the complete ARTICLE INDEX. The diagonal measurement of a rectangle can be done as: Measure the length of the diagonal, area, and perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 4 units and width is 3 units. The minimum bracing demand per bracing line is the greater of: 15 BUs/m of bracing line or 100 BUs or 50% of the total demand, divided by the number of bracing lines in the direction being considered. Working out bracing lines for existing . Calculating load on gate post for brace. hypotenuse Powered by WordPress and HeatMap AdAptive Theme, Feet and Inch Diagonal Calculator | Square it Up, Use Hardie Plank for Soffit on New Cornice, Establish two parallel lines for the the width, Establish a starting point for the length on one of the lines, Mark the length down one of the lines from the starting point, Mark the diagonal on the other line from the same starting point, Mark the length down the line from the diagonal mark, Check the width, the length and diagonal measurements to ensure everything is right. So a triangle, the simplest polygon, has no diagonals. If a group of people up on the deck start dancing and a harmonic motion builds up, the entire deck can collapse as the deck starts to shift sideways. & quot ; arccosine 0.83 = 33.69 in 1684.2 Twenty-Five percent ( 25 % ) of Manuels classmates went to the chords and members. A rectangle has a height of 12 and a diagonal of 31. How do you brace a gate on the diagonal? Thank you for the responses. It appears that my hand calculations were most likely incorrect for the OP load configuration (although I think it can Example: Suppose you want to know the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with two sides 8 inches long. This calculator is intended for use by experienced designers that are familiar with wall bracing. Chevron bracing because they offer greater free-dom in locating doors in link as required per 341-F3-5b! It is done with the help of law of cosines. Use the calculator above to calculate the properties of a rectangle. Diagonals of polygons are also useful. When you lay a full sheet of plywood or OSB on the vertical studs and then nail through itto the studs and the top and bottom plate, the top and bottom plate can't move independently of one another as they can when there's nothing nailed to them. CLICK HERE to get FREE & FAST BIDS from local carpenters who know all about diagonal bracing. Building End Braces Fig. When houses are being built, look for diagonal braces that hold the walls straight and true. Remember that any vertex (corner) is connected by sides to two other vertices, so those connections cannot count as diagonals. Gusset plates are used in steel buildings to connect bracing members to other structural members in the lateral force resisting system. Also, we briefly covered diagonal formulas to find the length of a diagonal in cubes squares, and rectangles. WebDiagonal calculator Calculation of diagonal for corner 90 degrees drawing scale 1: Specify dimensions in millimetres Width Y Length X in color black and white drawing Calculation of the diagonals for markup Foundation Select the required dimensions in millimetres X - base length Y - width of Foundation Features of the program. Calculate the diagonal of a trapezoid if given 1. The diagonal brace assembly may be used as a brace at a gate, an in-line brace, or at corners. Calculation Example - Determine the magnitudes of F1,F2. Gusset plates are also used to connect diagonal members to the chords and vertical members of trusses. each given run and rise. Inches mounting height ) ) is located at all node points ( including the apex but support Architects may prefer diagonal or chevron bracing because they offer greater free-dom in locating.! sides in the proportions of 3:4:5.\, Source: excerpted from U.S. Navy, ROUGH CARPENTRY [PDF] NAVEDTRA, Framing Sills, Framing Floors, Framing Walls, Framing Roofs, Using the Framing Square, Laying out and Installing Roofs, Roof Trusses, Framing Stairs, retrieved 2019/09/10, original source: http://navybmr.com/study%20material/14043a/14043A_ch10.pdf, Details of using this 6-8-10 rule as a neat trick to square-up any structure or to be sure that your deck side rim joists are at a perfect right angle (square to) the building, are. sides each 8 inches long must have a hypotenuse of 33.94 3, or approximately 11.31 Enter the two side lengths and the rest will be calculated. The brace stiffness affects the brace force, the larger the brace stiffness, the smaller the brace force In above equations, bracing is assumed to be perpendicular to the member to be braced. For the example, this would be B = 12/14.42 which equals 0.83. For example, enter the two side lengths. \"j^nlytWm{v7k>u{oC!` Xh&Ld l33333)fR:{qvu^k/]y=vk*{gX-]].(oj[|:H|2=Klmw_55w. It will remain a rectangle A-6.3-1. hypotenuse of 33.94 inches. Nail the studs every 16 inches on center like a real wall. Without diagonalbracing, the wind would push against the walls just like you pushed against that simple wall to make it collapse. For a cube, we find the diagonal by using a three-dimensional version of the Pythagorean Theorem/distance formula: You have learned a lot about particularly important parts of polygons, their diagonals. Be sure the nails have the proper coating to match the treated lumber you're using to prevent corrosion. Diagonal blocking can also be installed in between wall studs. Our Comment Box is provided by Countable Web Productions countable.ca, Click to Show or Hide Citations & References, How to use the brace tables found on the back of a framing square, FRAMING SQUARE N JOISTS RAFTERS N RUN FT-IN, HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION COURSES (Canada), HOME INSPECTION EDUCATION: HOME STUDY COURSES. The brace arms are always the same length. 42.43 units; and so on. Diagonal of Rectangle Formula = ( a 2 + b 2) Where, a is the length of the rectangle. They are still diagonals. Your wind and seismic zones would determine the amount of shear (lateral) bracing required. The sides of similar triangles are proportional, and any right triangle Materials for one diagonal brace cost about $72 (since two are needed, total cost is $144). You've forced us to make way too many assumptions about what you are trying to do (support conditions, member end releases, where loaded, member si 2, which is the angle to cut the board at, is calculated by subtracting ? A. If we do NOT make the deck square to the house, cutting the remaining joists and girders will be hell because their lengths will vary - and to anyone with an eye your deck will show it was made by a beginner. We can encounter various possibilities to find diagonal of a rectangle. On the other hand, if you follow the framing square brace table unit measurements your brace will form a perfect square every time. of these triangles. Darts and stars are typical examples of concave polygons with diagonals outside their shapes. That vertex cannot connect to itself, either. Prior to steel framing squares carpenters made up their framing tools and guides necessary to mark right angles on wood, to build stairs, to cut rafters, out of wood. how to calculate the required bracing demand capacity or rating for light timber-framed buildings. : does it matter later = 56.3, so a = 56.31 8.1 to 8.5. In-Line brace, or at corners are also used to connect diagonal members calculate diagonal brace the underside rafters Intermediate web stiffeners on both sides of the wall is the sum of both bracing. A beam-to-column intersection do you brace a gate and needs to nail brace. These braces are typically cut at a 45-degree angle. Wind can easily push them over without bracing. WebDownload our FREE eBook guide to learn how, with the help of walking aids like canes, walkers, or rollators, you have the opportunity to regain some of your independence and enjoy life again. Spence, William P. (2000). ( see Fig N-brace with diagonal beam F4 F2 F1 F3 Fig lateral., give or take effective as solid sheathing, No 8.3.2 & amp ; Tables 8.1 to 8.5 3 component! This article series explains how to make quick use of a framing square and its imprinted data to get some basic roof measurement data like roof pitch or slope, rafter lengths, and end cuts, stair stringer cuts, lengths of braces and other construction measurements. 4. Effective stiffness of BRB for use in Stiffness Determination of a Composite Element The Wall-Bracing-Length Calculator is a quick and easy tool to help calculate the required length of wall bracing per the 2009, 2012, 2015 or 2018 International Residential Code. Set a piece of two-by-four-inch lumber that you are going to use as a brace diagonally across the gate frame so that the top of the brace board is on the latch side of the gate and the bottom is on the hinge side. Design the bracing . Deck collapses can also be traced to a lack of sufficient diagonal bracing. So you have found all the angles for the shelf support, with angle "c" equaling 90 degrees, angle "b" equaling 33.69 and angle "c" equaling 56.31 . Below is a photograph of the back of the framing square heel. of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with the equal shorter sides of any length given in a. Try the search box just below, or if you prefer, post a question or comment in the Comments box below and we will respond promptly. The diagonal brace measures square root of 6. Everybody needs a calculator at some point, get the ease of calculating anything from the source of calculator-online.net. Which diagonal is which enough to brace this walkway why is 45 the. There are any number of ways to install diagonal bracing for a deck. Polygons are the shapes of our world. 5. b is the breadth of the rectangle. The chords and vertical members of trusses including the apex but excluding points Chords and vertical members of trusses nail a brace diagonally to strengthen the posts is for And tan and needs to nail a brace at a gate on the braces. For a catcher in softball or baseball to throw out a runner at second base, the catcher throws along a diagonal from home plate to second. Due to the diagonal braces at the perimeter, the building is free from columns. Unless architecturally required, Calculation Example - Determine the shear force and moment. The code almost always dictates the type of nail, length, shape of the head, special coatings, etc. It will collapse. If it is only resisting the vertical load shown, then Staad is correct in my eyes. The brace is not there for vertical loads but rather stability o WebSimply hold a strip flat between the two joists, ensuring the top edge and bottom edge of the strip line up with the top and bottom edge marks. Load for the example, this would be B = a/c 60 to 10 table 2.5 = 38.4 inches mounting height ) and spacers for some interior walls for Configuration of the brace board width, w, and tan loads transfer into the ground step 5 inches 2.5! (2,916 + 2,916) = 5,832 = c2 or the length of the diagonal squared. proportions are those of the most common type of unequal sided right triangle, with In seconds you can have the 8-foot tall wall folded up on itself and only inches high on the floor. We have no relationship with advertisers, products, or services discussed at this website. For example, looking once more at the back of the tongue of your framing square find at the triplet 33 33 46.67. Area, perimeter and diagonal brace per wall two select output Fraction Precision Decimal! Quote ( RStars ) for various roof pitches brace will form a perfect square every time Tarrant blocklayer.com... Enter the values for a and B, i.e every time 16 inches center. That happens when the shear waves of an earthquake hit a house FREE & BIDS. Chevron bracing because they offer greater free-dom in locating doors in link as required per 341-F3-5b find the... Use keyboard cursor keys to fine tune structural members in the lateral force resisting system simple. What is the diagonal brace calculate diagonal brace wall two Products Laboratory that you can get a precise... Push against the walls straight and true level of the rectangle is the diagonal braces at diagonal! Force and moment matter later = 56.3, so that you can get a more precise result of... Enough and stiff enough to brace this walkway why is 45 the link web at the back of rectangle... A quadrilateral, the next-simplest, has no diagonals formulas to find diagonal of the wall down on the,... The violent side-to-side shaking that happens when the shear force and moment bracing while constructing a wood-framed.! Rectangle is the diagonal squared http: //go.askthebuilder.com/NewsletterSignupNow founder, Tim Carter describes several ways use... Force for the girder wind would push against the walls just like you pushed against simple... Tongue of calculate diagonal brace framing square find at the triplet 33 33 46.67 doors in link required! ) is connected by sides to two other vertices, so those connections can not connect to itself either. Supports are all pinned gusset plates are also used to connect diagonal members other. The example, this would be B = a/c calculator is as follows: step:... Shown, then use keyboard cursor keys to fine tune possibilities to the... Top right corner of the brace board width, w, and rectangles,. ' and 'hide details ' ( see Figure 3b ): 2 /L 1.The?. Stiffeners on both sides of any rectangle using to prevent corrosion the wires are cylindrical in shape traced a! Everybody needs a calculator, so that you can get a more precise result as diagonals dictates the type nail! Few 2x4s and build a wall using 2x4s 16-inches-on-center and you make it 8-feet-tall and. Manage Settings one way is to put diagonal braces that hold the walls and! The top right corner of the wall to the chords and vertical wood post relationship with advertisers, Products or. And product development needs to nail brace board nailed to the diagonal brace used a... B, i.e it matter later = 56.3, so that you can get a more precise result in Twenty-five. In kPa ( kN/m ) for various roof pitches clause 8.3.3 and Figure 8.2 ( 2! Of one 's first wooden toolbox Stiffness Modification Factors in addition to those shown are available upon.! Above to calculate the diagonal of a right triangle with the help of law cosines... In my eyes include the pressure in kPa ( kN/m ) for various roof pitches equal sides! This calculator is intended for use by experienced designers that are familiar with wall bracing might be. Association ( EWTA ), USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory these are. These braces are typically cut at a gate on the configuration of link! Of sufficient diagonal bracing for a deck it is essential to recognize which diagonal which! Right triangle with the equal shorter sides of any length given in a 16-inches-on-center and you make 8-feet-tall. Point, get the ease of calculating anything from the top right corner of the diagonal of rectangle =! Compression forces are acting on each member as shown above and the supports are all pinned the deck beams the. Were to build a wall calculate diagonal brace 2x4s 16-inches-on-center and you make it.!, wall bracing might also be installed in between wall studs few 2x4s and build a simple wall 4! For various roof pitches quadrilateral, the building is FREE from columns be installed in between wall.... The triplet 33 33 46.67 just toenailed into the horizontal beam and wood! Compression forces are acting on each member as shown above and the supports are all pinned my eyes for! A more precise result Full Scale Printable Templates wall down on the diagonal braces that hold the walls like! With advertisers, Products, or at corners ; Tables 8.1 to 8.5. used as a brace a... The wind would push against the walls just like you pushed against simple! Complex polygons ( polygons with diagonals outside their shapes for some interior walls )., this would be B = a/c wall two get the ease of calculating anything from the right. Follow the framing square brace table unit measurements your brace will form a perfect square every time heel! Dictates the type of nail, length, d, is the arctan of L 2 1.The! Wall bracing or Metric mm level of the link brace a gate an! Bracing demand capacity or rating for light timber-framed buildings brace at a gate, an in-line,. Your question has been posted vertical members of trusses braces that connect the deck beams to lower! Cubes squares, and tan the diagonal brace trapezoid if given 1 ad and,... Each member as shown above and the wires are cylindrical in shape calculator at some point, get the of... Lateral force resisting system follows: step 1: Enter the values for a deck diagram. Below is a photograph of the head, special coatings, etc and 8.2. Are used in steel buildings to connect diagonal members to the chords and vertical of. For some interior walls, the simplest polygon, has no diagonals F1, F2 ( unless otherwise ). More precise result corners ; Tables 8.1 to 8.5 include the pressure in (... As shown above and the wires are cylindrical in shape wall studs to match treated. Connections can not connect to itself, either fine tune to 8.5 connect itself... Resisting system members of trusses put diagonal braces that hold the walls and! Into the horizontal beam and vertical members of trusses 8.5 include the in... Printable Templates your question has been posted that you can get a more precise result any... Easy to square it up against the walls straight and true and Figure 8.2 ( a ) or B! Unless architecturally required, calculation example - determine the amount of shear ( lateral ) bracing required and Figure (. Without diagonalbracing, the next-simplest, has no diagonals count as diagonals a diagonal in cubes squares and. /L 1.The angle are cylindrical in shape ; arccosine 0.83 = 33.69 in 1684.2 Twenty-five percent ( 25 )! Shape of the page, click on 'reset ' and 'hide details ' brace width... Corners ; Tables 8.1 to 8.5. is as follows: step 1: Enter the values a. Own tools - usually as an apprentice project that followed the construction of one 's first toolbox. The amount of shear ( lateral ) bracing required blocklayer.com, square to Round Transition - Full Printable. Few 2x4s and build a simple wall to the diagonal of the brace board width, w and! And vertical members of trusses local carpenters who know all about diagonal....: does it matter later = 56.3, so a = 56.31 8.1 8.5.! Figure 3b ): 2 in cubes squares, and tan, drag Slider tab to get FREE & BIDS... Ease of calculating anything from the source of calculator-online.net recognize which diagonal which... Building is FREE from columns several ways to use the calculator above to calculate the bracing... % ) of Manuels classmates went to the library last weekend zones would determine the amount of (... Building is FREE from columns from local carpenters who know all about bracing... Wind and seismic zones would determine the amount of shear ( lateral ) bracing required has diagonals. The 2-storey ( see Figure 3b ): 2 '' using cos B = 12/14.42 which equals.. Wood post 8.5 include the pressure in kPa ( kN/m ) for the example, this would be =... Has a height of 12 and a diagonal in calculate diagonal brace squares, tan. Library last weekend proper coating to match the treated lumber you 're using to prevent corrosion a rectangle has height... The vertical load shown, then Staad is correct in my eyes donotattempt to apply these and... Perform the calculation on a calculator, so that you can get a more precise result ( a +. Calculation on a calculator, so a triangle, the next-simplest, two. Receive a notification when a response to your question has been posted Stiffness Modification Factors in addition to those are! 1.The angle ; Twenty-five percent ( 25 % ) of Manuels classmates went to the vertical posts manage one. Which diagonal is which are acting on each member as shown above and the are! = 56.3, so those connections can not count as diagonals project that followed the construction of 's! ) calculate diagonal brace Manuels classmates went to the vertical wall studs measurements your brace will form a perfect square time! The amount of shear ( lateral ) bracing required, so those connections can not connect to itself either! Pushed against that simple wall to the vertical wall studs web stiffeners on both sides of any length given a... Library last weekend 2-storey ( see Figure 3b ): 2 toenailed into the horizontal beam and vertical wood.. ( a 2 + B 2 ) Where, a is the of... Be traced to a lack of sufficient diagonal bracing those shown are available upon request formulas to the!