The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. Singhs coalitionits brief rise and fall, Congress government of P.V. He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. In addition, the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required recruits to serve overseas if ordered, a challenge to the castes who composed so much of the Bengal army. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Finally, there was the activity of Christian missionaries, by that time widespread. Host of Midian: the chapati circulation and the Indian Revolt of 1857-58. Studies in History 16 (2000);Christopher Hibbert. Sepoy units in the south of India remained loyal, but in the north, many units of the Bengal Army turned on the British. By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. As further evidence, he observes that the Urdu sources of the pre- rebellion and post- rebellion periods usually refer to the British not as angrez (the English), goras (whites) or firangis (foreigners), but as kafir (disbeliever) and nasrani (Christians). A. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. 24 October 2009. The enraged soldiers mutinied across a number of Indian States, taking Delhi . The quarter century following the bitter Indian revolt of 185759, though spanning a peak of British imperial power in India, ended with the birth of nationalist agitation against the raj (British rule). Its cartridges consisted of a .577 inch ball projectile and a charge of gun powder propellant wrapped in waterproofed cartridge paper. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. ThoughtCo. The revolt of 1857 started in some of the major areas like Kanpur, Delhi, Jhansi, and more. Sepoys throughout India were issued with a new rifle, the Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled musketa more powerful and accurate weapon than the old but smoothbore Brown Bess they had been using for the previous decades. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and give two to each of the five nearest village Chowkeydars with the same instructions. As John Kaye wrote a few years later: Among other wild fables, which took firm hold of the popular mind, was one to the effect that the Companys officers had collected all the newly-manufactured salt, had divided it into two great heaps, and over one had sprinkled the blood of hogs, and over the other the blood of cows; that they had then sent it to be sold throughout the country of the pollution and desecration of the Mahommedans and Hindoos, that all might be brought to one caste and to one religion like the English. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. hasContentIssue true, THE FIRING PARADE OF 24 APRIL AND ITS SEQUEL, THE OUTBREAK: (a) The Native Infantry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (b) The Native Cavalry Lines, THE OUTBREAK: (d) The European Troop Movements and the European Lines, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. A number of Indians began to suspect that the British intended to convert the Indian population to Christianity. [4], Some historians have suggested that the impact of British economic and social reforms has been greatly exaggerated, since the Company did not have the resources to enforce them, meaning that away from Calcutta their effect was negligible. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. A man had come out of the jungle with them, and given them to the watchman with instructions to make four like them and to take these to the watchman in the next village, who was to be told to do the same.. The Siege of Delhi. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. What was the issue of cartridges? Content may require purchase if you do not have access. In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary. So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. | READ MORE. Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labor. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. One popular story, widely believed, suggested that the British were attempting the mass conversion of their subjects to Christianity by adulterating their flour with bone meal from cows and pigs, which was forbidden to Hindus and Moslems, respectively. The traditional story of the Sepoy Mutiny is that the introduction of a new cartridge for the Enfield rifle provoked much of the trouble. The British had accentuated caste consciousness by careful regulations, had allowed discipline to grow lax, and had failed to maintain understanding between British officers and their men. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. The cartridge of the Enfield rifle was heavily greased - with animal fat, to facilitate an easier load into the muzzle. The cartridge was then rammed down the muzzle of the rifle.. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. Mike Dash E. Jaiwant Paul is a man of varied interests, having authored eight other books, including Rani of Jhansi, The Story of Tea, Baji Rao, The Unforgettable Maharajas, Har Dayal: The Great Revolutionary (co-author Mrs Shubh Paul), Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India, and Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Kanpur Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. The sepoys' British officers dismissed these claims as rumors and suggested that the sepoys make a batch of fresh cartridges, using a religiously acceptable greasing agent such as ghee or vegetable oil. It consisted of the distribution of many thousands of chapatisunleavened Indian breadsthat were passed from hand to hand and from village to village throughout the mofussil (interior) of the subcontinent. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. [16], At the beginning of the nineteenth century, British officers were generally closely involved with their troops, speaking Indian languages fluently; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests; and frequently having native mistresses. With the British recovery of Gwalior (June 20, 1858), the revolt was virtually over. He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. Victoria added the title "Empress of India" to her royal title. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. Privacy Statement In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. To load both the old musket and the new rifle, soldiers had to bite the cartridge open and pour the gunpowder it contained into the rifle's muzzle, then stuff the paper cartridge (overlaid with a thin mixture of beeswax and mutton tallow for waterproofing) into the musket as wadding, the ball being secured to the top of the cartridge and guided into place for ramming down the muzzle. Greased Cartridges: It is believed to be one of the major causes behind the 1857 uprising. The army so far had been quipped with the smooth-barrelled musket, which had a protracted loading procedure and was not accurate over long ranges. Cookie Policy The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. Ferocity led to grave excesses on both sides, distinguishing this war in horror from other wars of the 19th century. [15], The varying stances of the British government, the reduction of allowances, and harsh punishments, contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. The rani found a soldiers death, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. The rifling inside the musket barrel ensured accuracy at much greater distances than was possible with old muskets. Pandey rebelled by shooting a British sergeant-major and a lieutenant. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. Or it might have been an aristocratic plot, set off too soon by the Meerut outbreak. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). All in all, the British were extremely spooked by the spread of the chapatis. [17], Officers of an evangelical persuasion in the company's Army (such as Herbert Edwardes and Colonel S.G. Wheler of the 34th Bengal Infantry) had taken to preaching to their Sepoys in the hope of converting them to Christianity. [19] Thus, the Hindu soldiers viewed the Act as a potential threat to their faith. This included an increase in the taxation on land. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 305-306 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. was the rumour that the newly issued rie cartridges would be greased either with tallow, derived from beef and thereby oensive to Hindus, or lard, derived from pork and thereby oensive to Muslims. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. That, combined with a declining number of British officers who understood India, spoke Indian languages fluently or had any real sympathy for the people whom they ruled, meant that the colonial hierarchy remained perpetually jittery. 'In England, almost every child is aware that, with a smooth bored gun, no grease of any kind is required to ensure the proper loading of it, whilst with a rifle-bored piece such is necessary.' So writes Mrs Peile, one of those who escaped from Delhi on 11 May 1857. Order was restored by the firmness of Charles John Canning (later Earl Canning), first viceroy of India (governed 185862), whose title of Clemency was given in derision by angry British merchants in Calcutta, and of Sir John Lawrence in the Punjab. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. Saul, David (2003), page 294 "The Indian Mutiny", Penguin Books. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. 1857 revolt started firstly on 29th March 1857 from Bairakpur (West Bengal) by Mangal Pandey. Cookie Settings. The campaign then settled down to British attempts to take Delhi and relieve Lucknow. Beyond that, however, opinions remained divided. Many Animals, Including the Platypus, Lost Their Stomachs. A few suggested that the chapatis might conceal seditious letters that were forwarded from village to village, read by the village chief, again crusted over with flour, and sent on in the shape of a chupatty, to be broken by the next recipient, but examination of the breads revealed no hidden messages. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. The first sepoy who rebelled by aiming his loaded weapon at a British officer was Mangal Pandey who was later executed.[25]. A hardcore corporate, he initially worked for Hindustan Unilever and was later Director of Brooke Bond, India. Total loading time: 0 A Chowkeydar, on receiving one of these cakes, has had five or six more prepared, and thus they have passed from village to village. An idea has been industriously circulated that the Government has given the order. The immediate cause of the Revolt was the issue of the greased cartridges. Stbere im grten eBookstore der Welt und lies noch heute im Web, auf deinem Tablet, Telefon oder E-Reader. Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. Your Privacy Rights It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. 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His unit in the Bengal Army, which had refused to use the new rifle cartridges, was about to be disarmed and punished. Q. I had no conversation with the King on the subject; but others talked in his presence about it, wondering what could be the object. each other as brothers.4 So when the issue of greased cartridges arose, with fear of pollution from beef and pork, they would unite as one on the single cry of the defence of their faith or "Deen". Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. British officials were alarmed at the rapid distribution of mysterious Indian breads across much of the Raj, There is a most mysterious affair going on throughout the whole of India at present, Dr. Gilbert Hadow wrote in a letter to his sister in Britain in March 1857. This incident is an important event in modern Indian history because it ignited what eventually . @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. There is no question that atrocities were committed by both sides, and stories of events of 185758 lived on in both Britain and India. Tall tales, panic and misapprehension spread readily in such a climate, and plenty of people felt a certain disquiet in the early months of 1857. Another suggestion they put forward was to introduce a new drill, in which the cartridge was not bitten with the teeth but torn open with the hand. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. Several events happened that led to the Sepoys revolting and was called the Indian Revolt of 1857. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. This took the form of Muslim millenarianism, with preachers in Lucknow foretelling the end of the raj. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. The magistrates tried to stop it, but, in spite of all they could do, it passed along to the borders of the Punjab. Yet discreet inquiries soon revealed that many hundreds of chapatis were passing through his district, and through other parts of India as welleverywhere from the Narmada river in the south to the border with Nepal several hundred miles to the north. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. No, it is not by any means a custom; I am 50 years old, and never heard of such a thing before. The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. [8], Unlike the Madras and Bombay Armies of the BEIC, which were far more diverse, the Bengal Army recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Bhumihars and Rajputs of the Ganges Valley. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". The statement, if lacking in precision, may have been true as to the common information or belief in 1857, but at the present time there may probably be few readers of these pages who could explain thus, or with more exactitude, why a cartridge in those times had to be greased, and why or how, if greased, it required to be bitten. Indian States, taking Delhi, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of,... Story of the major causes behind the 1857 uprising this feature, you will be to! He ordered his fellow-official to make ten more, and Tantia Topi became a fugitive and Muslims erupted. History because it ignited what eventually taking Delhi there was the issue of the... Believed to be bitten off before loading it into the gun the title `` of... 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